In addition, perhaps a similar comparative image could be prepared for global methane emissions to depict apparent anomalies for this other important greenhouse gas on a more local scale than was provided in the Ma“A Global View of Methane” imagery. With the considerable quantity of gas flaring that occurs in certain areas of the US (e.g., Williston Basin/Bakken Area – see November 12,2012 Earth Observatory Image “Gas Drilling, North Dakota), one would anticipate a more tangible CO2 anomaly footprint/signal from these areas, as well. For example, Washington state wildfires (and associated CO2 emissions) were the largest ever documented in the state, yet the apparent CO2 footprint appears minimal compared to the Idaho anomaly. With all due respect, the explanation provided to address the observed CO2 anomalies over the Idaho Panhandle and southern Oregon coast seemed much more conjectural and (with respect to the southern Oregon anomaly) scientifically vague than would be expected from your well-respected experts. A single tower designed CPU cooler equipped with an optimized 120 mm high static pressure fan and newly designed heat sink, which guarantees its outstanding performance. Air passing by the RTDs gives a cooling effect, with the resulting temperature change then correlated to the pipe diameter to help determine the flow. The idea is to average out the ‘CO 2 weather’ or ‘transport,’ illustrated nicely in this NASA computer simulation (below).” Thermal dispersion flow meters are based on heat transfer and contain one of two types of temperature sensors, known as resistance temperature detectors or RTDs. “When these anomalies are averaged over time, the map highlights the CO 2 signal that is not yet mixed and still close to the emission source. “In our recent research paper, we developed a methodology to derive regional CO 2 anomalies, which means that we remove from individual CO 2 values the regional CO 2 median,” wrote Hakkarainen. This means that if we look at the CO 2 concentrations globally, the value is about 400 ppm everywhere.” (That’s 400 parts per million.)įindings from the UN Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change warn about the consequences of rising CO 2 concentrations: “Any CO 2 stabilisation target above 450 ppm is associated with a significant probability of triggering a large-scale climatic event.” Hakkarainen wrote: “Carbon dioxide is indeed well mixed in the atmosphere. Launched in July 2014, NASA’s Orbiting Carbon Observatory-2 (OCO-2) was designed to give scientists comprehensive, global measurements of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. We asked Janne Hakkarainen, a researcher at the Finnish Meteorological Institute and co-author of the study that used OCO-2 data to make satellite-based maps of human emissions of carbon dioxide. Is the reason for this that the higher zones are near CO 2 sources such as heavily populated areas? I always thought gas spread evenly in a container.” “Hello, I read on the site that CO 2 concentrations are higher in some areas and lower in others. Data courtesy of Hakkarainen, J., Ialongo, I., and Tamminen, J.Ī reader recently wrote to ask us about our November 17 article: “ Satellite Detects Human Contribution to Atmospheric CO2.” Separated from these effects, thermal dispersion is determined.Image: NASA Earth Observatory/Joshua Stevens. If there is no second-phase solvent, there is no possibility of thermal migration if the second-phase solvent is weakly soluble in the dye, or if the second-phase solvent is in a small amount, the thermal migration phenomenon will be weakened accordingly. Near wall stagnant conductivities are first addressed because these are implicit in most analytical and numerical studies in the literature. Therefore, all additives that can dissolve disperse dyes can produce thermal migration. 5, the effects of thermal dispersion can be estimated. The customer’s first call when performance matters. Separated from these effects, thermal dispersion is determined.ĪB - Combining the analysis developed in Chap. Thermal Dispersion Back to top Thermal Dispersion.

Near wall stagnant conductivities are first addressed because these are implicit in most analytical and numerical studies in the literature. N2 - Combining the analysis developed in Chap.